Swimming apparatus



May 19, 1970 G. HoHwAR-r 3,512,416

SWIMMING APPARATUS y 2 sheets-sheet 1 Filed Feb. 28, 1968 May 19, 1976 G. HOHWART SWIMMING APPARATUS 2 Sheets-Sheet Filed Feb. 28, 1968 INVENTOR. 60 yy@ /y/a/wd rf BY ,J d

United States Patent O 3,512,416 SWIMMING APPARATUS George Hohwart, Farmington, Mich. (2765 Eager Road, RR. 5, Howell, Mich. 48843) Filed Feb. 28, 1968, Ser. No. 708,974 Int. Cl. G01l 5/02 U.S. Cl. 73-379 16 Claims ABSTRACT F THE DISCLOSURE The apparatus herein disclosed comprises a rigid, oversize waist band in the form of a pair of relatively rotatable inner and outer members which are adapted to tit around the waist of the swimmer and to be attached thereto, the' outer member being pivotally connected to a slidable telescoping member which is adapted to be mounted on the side of a swimming pool or the like and has associated therewith a shock absorber which restrains it against extensive telescopic movement and an effort meter which registers the amount of effort the swimmer is able to exert tending to extend it.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Basically, the swimming apparatus of this invention is adapted to be mounted on and attached to the edge of a swimming pool, which may be either of the indoor or outdoor variety, and to be detachably fastened also to a swimmer in the pool. The apparatus permits the swimmer to swim freely and as hard as he wishes in a face down position or on his back or on either side and further enables him to move easily from one position to another. In addition, the apparatus is readily adjustable to permit the swimmer to perform either on or beneath the surface of the water. During swimming, the apparatus contines the swimmer to a middle area of the pool and parts of the apparatus move in use an amount proportionate to the effort exerted by the swimmer and functions automaticaliy to register the amount of effort so that the swimmer can judge and ascertain with reasonable accuracy the amount of exercise he has derived in the use of the equipment.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings, forming a part of the specification and wherein like numerals are employed to designate like parts throughout the same,

FIG. 1 is a side elevational View, with parts broken away and shown in section for clearness of illustration, of a swimming apparatus embodying the invention and showing the same mounted on and detachably fastened to the edge of a swimming pool,

FIG. 2 is an enlarged vertical sectional View taken on the line 2 2 of FIG. 1,

FIG. 3 is a fragmentary Vertical sectional view taken on the line 3 3 of FIG. 4,

FIG. 4 is a horizontal sectional view taken on the line 4 4 of FIG. 3,

FIG. 5 is a vertical elevational view looking in the direction of the arrows 5 5 in FIG. 1,

FIG. 6 is a vertical sectional view taken on the line 6 6 of FIG. 5,

FIG. 7 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken on the line 7 7 of FIG. 1, and

FIG. 8 is a fragmentary horizontal sectional view taken on the line 8 8 of FIG. 7.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In the drawing, wherein for the purpose of illustration is shown a preferred embodiment of the invention, the

I"nce numerals 10 and 12 designate respectively outer and inner telescoping tubular members. Suitable fastening means carried by the outer telescoping member 10 and designated generally by the numeral 14 is adapted for attachment to the edge of a swimming pool 16 and supports the telescoping members in a generally horizontal position with a major length of the telescoping members extending over and spaced above the level of water 18 in the pool. A yoke 20 extending downwardly and forwardly from the projecting end of the inner telescoping member 12 is pivotally connected to and at opposite sides of an outer ring 22 which carries and rotatably supports an inner ring 24. Both of the rings 22 and 24 fit loosely around the waist of a swimmer shown generally at 26, and the inner ring is adapted to be fastened to the waist of the swimmer by a pair of harnesses 28 and 30 which are adjustable to conform to and to snugly tit the swimmers waist.

In use, the swimmer 26 steps into the rings 22 and 24 and pulls the harnesses 28 and 30 snugly around his waist. He then assumes whatever swimming position he desires to use, such as the prone position shown by way of illustration in FIG. 1. As he does this, the rings 22 and 24 pivot and tilt to accommodate the swimmers movements; and, in the swimming position, the rings normally are disposed generally vertically as shown in the drawing. Both rings 22 and 24 are sufficiently large to accommodate any normal size swimmer but they are small enough so as not to interfere with his swimming stroke. This fact and the forwardly and downwardly inclined position of the yoke 20 permits the swimmer 26 to swim substantially without interference from these members. In fact, for the most part, the swimmer 26 is able to swim as naturally as if he'were free of the apparatus. Moreover, if he desires to change from a crawl stroke to a side stroke, for example, he simply rolls slightly and the inner ring 24 rotates a corresponding amount in the outer ring 22 to accommodate the change in position of the swimmers body. Similarly, if the swimmer wishes to swim on his back he simply rolls and, once again, the inner ring 24 rotates to accommodate this movement. Suitable pivots incorporated in the mounting 14 and hereinafter described in detail permit the swimmer 26 to dive under the surface of the water 18 and to swim `beneath the surface or conversely to swim from a submerged position to the surface of the water 1S.

Manifestly, the effort of the swimmer 26 normally tends to extend or advance the inner telescoping member 12 in the outer member 10, and this action is resisted by the apparatus of this invention through a shock absorber spring 32 and an effort meter 34. The spring 32 is attached to the inner telescoping member 12, and the effort meter 34 is mounted on the outer telescoping member 10. In practice, the spring 32 yieldably resists each swimming stroke and thus serves as a shock absorber to dampen the peak effort exerted during each swimming stroke. The spring 32 also transmits the force or effort exerted by the swimmer to the meter device 34 which yields at a relatively slow, controlled rate to permit a greater and greater extension of the inner -telescoping member 12; and, as suggested, the meter d'evice also incorporates means for registering the total effort exerted by the swimmer.

More specifically, the fastening means 14 for the telescoping members 10 and 12 comprises a U-shaped bracket 36 which is disposed below the outer member 10 adjacent the rearward or outer end thereof and is welded thereto, as shown at 38 in FIG. 2. Another bracket 40 of inverted U-shape is disposed below the bracket 36, as also shown in FIG. 2; and a vertical pivot, here shown in the form of a bolt 42 and a nut 44, interconnects the middle or bight portions of the two brackets. The bight portions of the brackets 36 and 40 preferably are essentially flat as shown in the drawing so that they provide a rm support for each other and so that the lower bracket `40 supports and steadies the upper bracket 36 as it turns thereon about the pivot 42. The two depending arms of the lower bracket 40 embraces a C-clamp 46 and are connected to the latter intermediate the ends of the clamp body by a transverse horizontal pivot here shown in the form of a bolt 48 and nut S0. Washers 52 and 54 mounted on the pivot bolt 48 behind the head thereof and behind the nut 50, respective- 1y, extend below the bracket `40 and rest on the upp'er edge of the swimming pool 16 when the C-clamp 46 1s fitted thereon and attached thereto as shown in FIG. 1.

In use, the telescoping members and 12 are free to swing horizontally about the pivot bolt 42 and also vertically about the pivot bolt 48. Thus, the two pivots 42 and 48 provide a universal mounting for the telescopmg members 10 and 12. However, it is not desirable that the telescoping members 10 and 12 move freely and without restriction about the horizontal pivot 48; and to this end, a chain S6 fastened at one end to the thumb screw 58 of the C-clamp 46 is detachably fastened adjacent its other end to a suitable hook member 60 carried by the outer telescoping member 10 at the rearward end thereof. It 1s a feature of the invention, however, that the various lmks of the chain 56 can be selectively attached to the hook 60 to vary the inclined position of the telescoping members 10 and 12 about the horizontal pivot 48 and thus to adapt the telescoping members and the swimming apparatus to the particular level of the water 18 in the pool 16 and to any other conditions requiring vertical adjustment and positioning of the ring members 22 and 24.

In practice, the C-clamp 46 is fitted over the edge of the pool 16 with the thumb screw 58 retracted suiciently to accommodate the wall of the pool and the chain 56 disengaged from the hook 60. After the C-clamp 46 has been settled on the wall of the spool 16 with the washers 52 and 54 resting firmly on the top of the wall, the thumb screw 58 is tightened to hold the clamp 46 securely but detachably fastened to the pool. The telescoping members 10 and 12 are then tilted as required positioning the ring members 22 and 24 properly for the particular conditions existent in the pool and the chain 56 is attached to the hook 60 as required to maintain the telescoping members in this position. The C-clamp 46 permits quick attachment and removal of the swimming apparatus; and, after attachment, it holds the rather heavy assembly attached securely to the pool 16 while the apparatus is in use. During such use, the support washers 52 and 54 steady the assembly on the pool wall.

The horizontal pivot 48 permits the apparatus to be adjusted so that the swimmer can swim on the surface of the water 18 or beneath the surface; and, in the latter connection, the position of the effort meter 34 on the outer telescoping member behind the fastening means 14 provides a counterweight for the portion of the apparatus disposed ahead of the pivot and thus permits the swimmer to move easily from a submerged position to the surface. If the telescoping members 10 and 12 tend to swing either to the right or left about the vertical pivot 42 under swimming eflor-t, the swimmer knows that one arm or the other is weaker and needs strengthening. Also, the depth chain 56 permits the supervisor of a patient using the equipment for physical therapy or of a beginning swimmer for example, to position and control the apparatus so that it automatically limits the depth to which the swimmer can maneuver. A rope 62 attached to the back or top of the outer ring member 22 and extending therefrom to the edge of the pool 16 also enables such an instructor or supervisor to maintain positive control over the swimmer and if necessary to pull or force him to an upright position. This is a safety feature useful primarily in the case of patients or beginning swimmers who may for any reason get into trouble while swimming.

The outer ring 22 preferably is tubular in form; and, in the particular form of the invention here shown by way of illustration, the flat inner ring 24 is supported for rotation in a plurality of guides 64 (here shown as four) which are spaced equidistantly around the periphery of the ring 22 and are fastened thereto in any suitable manner, as by the screws 66. The inner ring 24, on the other hand, preferably has a long, narrow cross section so that it turns freely in the guides 64; and it extends inwardly from and beyond the guides sufficiently to provide adequate room for mounting the harnesses 28 and 30. In the particular apparatus shown, the harness 28 comprises a pair of ropes 68 and 70 which are fastened to an eyebolt 72 at the rear of the ring 24 and pass through a guide 74 in the form of an eyebolt at the front of the ring 24. The harness 30 similarly comprises a pair of ropes 76 and 78 which are attached to an eyebolt 80 at one side of the inner ring 24 and pass through a guide 82 in the form of an eyebolt at the opposite side of the ring 24. It will thus be observed that the two harnesses 28 and 30 extend diametrically across the ring 24 at right angles to each other. Peg plugs 84 and 86 on the free or distal ends of the harnesses 28 and 30, respectively, are selectively insertable into any of a plurality of holes 88 provided in the ring 24 between the guides 74 and 82.

In practice, the swimmer 26 steps into the harnesses 28 and 30 with the two ropes 68 and 70 at opposite sides of his waist and the two ropes 76 and 78 passing back and front, respectively. He then pulls on the distal or free ends of the harnesses 28 and 30 to draw the ropes 68, 70 and 76, 78 tightly about him and inserts the peg plugs 84 and 86 into the nearest holes 88. The harnesses 28 and 30 are thus adjustable and self-centralizing in two directions, and they can be drawn snugly about the waist of the swimmer easily and quickly and held in this position securely but releasably at all times during swimming. If desirable, rings 90 are provided loosely around the ropes 68, 70 and 76, 78 at the points of intersection thereof to hold the same for convenient application or removal of the harnesses and to prevent the harness ropes from tangling when not in use. The ropes 68, 70 and 76, 78 normally do not tend to irritate the swimmer; but, if this should be the case, at elastic strips 92 can be threaded on the harness ropes between the rings 90, as shown in FIG. 5, to provide protection.

The remote control rope 62 hereinabove referred to, conveniently can be attached to an eyebolt 94 on the rear guide 64, as shown in FIG. 5. Similarly, the ends of the yoke 20 conveniently can be attached to pivots 96 and 98 and extending outwardly from the two side guides 64.

The effort meter 34 comprises a cylindrical tank 100 which is welded or otherwise affixed to the outer telescoping member 10 behind the fastening means 14 and a piston 102 mounted for reciprocation in the tank. The piston 102 has a disc shaped main body member 104 which ts relatively loosely in the tank and a thin annular plate member 106 is mounted for rotative and limited axial movement on the piston body. As best shown in FIG. 3, the piston body 104 is formed with a central upstanding hub 108, and the plate 106 has a central opening 110 which receives and loosely fits the hub. As suggested, the plate 106 is free to rotate on the hub 108, and it also is free to move vertically thereon relative to the piston body 104 within limits defined by a washer 112 which is held securely in place by an eyebolt 114 extending centrally through the washer and the piston body. A nut 116 on the lower end of the eyebolt 114 holds the latter securely attached to the piston body 104, andI both the nut and the lower end of the eyebolt on which it is mounted preferably are recessed into the bottom of the piston body so as not to limit downward movement of the piston 102 in the tank 100. A rope 118 attached to the eyebolt 114 extends upwardly from the tank 100 and over a pulley 120 which is mounted for rotation on a horizontal spindle 122 carried by an upstanding arm 124 welded on the side of the tank 100. From the pulley 120, the rope 118 extends forwardly to the shock absorber 'spring 32. As shown in FIG. 1, the rearward end of the shock absorber 32 is attached to the rope 118 and as hereinabove suggested the forward end thereof is attached to the projecting end of the inner telescoping member 12 by an eyebolt 126.

Manifestly, axial sliding movement of the inner telescoping member 12 is transmitted through the shock absorber spring 32 and the rope 118 to the piston 102 so as to move the latter up and down in the tank 100. In practice, the tank 100 is adapted to be filled with water or other suitable liquid which preferably lls the tank to a suitable level such as that shown at 128 in FIG. 1.

While the piston body 104, per se, ts the tank 100 relatively loosely, it is sealed to the inner wall of the tank `by an -ring 130 which is disposed in a peripheral groove 132 in the body. As shown in FIG. 3, the groove 132 is oversize both in Width and in depth with respect to the O-ring 130, and the outside diameter of the O- ring in its free state is larger than the inside diameter of the cylinder 100. The dimensional relation between the O-ring 130 and the groove 132 provides a good seal and at the same time permits the piston 102 to move up and down in the cylinder 100 with a minimum of friction and without the need of holding close tolerances on the components.

Reciprocatory movement of the piston 102 is permitted by displacement of liquid through a plurality (here shown as three) of large openings 134 in the piston 'body 104. Flow of liquid through the openings 134 is controlled by relatively small apertures 136 in the plate 106. Three sets of three apertures each are provided in the plate 106, and all three sets of apertures are registerable simultaneously with the three openings 134. In one rotatably adjusted position of the plate 106, all three apertures in each set are in register with a respective one of the openings 134. However, by turning or rotating the plate 106 slightly, two or only one aperture in each set can be selectively positioned in register with its respective opening. Thus, the rate at which liquid is displaced through the piston 102 and the rate of travel of the piston in the cylinder 100 can be regulated and controlled by positioning the plate 106 rotatively with one, two, or three apertures 136 in register with the openings 134. Rotative adjustment of the plate 106 is facilitated by a handle 138 mounted on and extending upwardly from the plate and exteriorly of the tank 100. In the particular form of the invention here shown by way of illustration, the handle 138 is fastened to the plate 106 by a screw 140 which extends upwardly through the plate into a threaded hole 142 provided in the lower end of the handle. The head of the screw 140 is accommodated in an arcuate groove 144 provided in the top surface of the piston body 104.

IIn the use of this apparatus, effort exerted by the swimmer tends to slide the inner telescoping member 12 outwardly in the member and, as suggested, this movement of the member 12 is transmitted through the spring 32 and the rope 118 to the piston 102 and tends to raise the latter in the tank 100. The piston rises relatively slowly as waterin the tank 100 is displaced through the apertures 136. Manifestly, the piston will continue to rise in the tank as long as the swimmer exerts a sustained swimming effort in a direction away from the wall of the pool to which the apparatus is attached. However, as soon as the swimmer stops or assumes a standing position which permits slack to form in the rope 118, the piston 102 settles of its own weight to the bottom of the tank 100. This action occurs relatively quickly as the weight of the piston body 104 causes it to drop and upward pressure of liquid in the tank below the piston 102 causes the plate 106 to rise thus uncovering the large openings 134 and permitting Water to ow relatively easily and quickly and in relatively large volume through the piston.

From the foregoing, it will be readily apparent that it is more ditlicult for the swimmer to extend the inner telescoping member 12 a given distance if only two rather than three of the apertures 136 are in register with the large openings 134 and that extension of the member 12 is still more diicult if only one of the apertures 136 is in register with each opening 134. Thus, a relatively inexperienced or unpracticed swimmer would normally adjust the plate 106 rotatably to position all three apertures 136 is register with each opening 134. This position of the plate 106 might be termed a junior position. A stronger or more experienced swimmer would likely position the plate 106 with two of the apertures 136 in register with each opening 134 so that more swimming effort would be required to raise the piston 102 in the tank 100. This position of the plate 106 might be termed a senior position. A very experienced swimmer might well position the disc 106 with only one aperture 136 in register with each opening 134. It would then be possible only by the strongest and most sustained swimming effort to extend the inner telescoping member 12. This position of the plate 106 might be termed a professional position.

If desired, the elfort meter 34 may incorporate means for holding the piston 102 in the raised position and for registering the extent to lwhich the piston has raised in the tank and therefore the extent to which the inner telescoping member 12 has been advanced and the amount of effort that has been exerted by the swimmer. In the particular form of the invention here shown by way of illustration, this is accomplished by a pawl 146 mounted on the upper end of the arm 124 in a position to engage rachet teeth 148 formed on one rim of the pulley 120. The pawl 146 rachets free when the piston 102 is raised in the tank 100 but engages the rachet teeth 148 to prevent reverse rotation of the pulley and thus to prevent movement of the piston 102 downwardly in the tank 100. The opposite flange of the pulley 120 is formed with an outwardly extending flange 150 having a suitable scale 152 imprinted thereon. The scale is calibrated so that a zero or beginning position is opposite the pawl 146 when the piston 102 is at the bottom of the tank 100 and so that the maximum gure on the scale is opposite the pawl when the piston is at the top of the tank. Thus, by observing the scale 152 the swimmer or someone attending him can determine, in relative terms at least, how much elort he has exerted during each sustained swimming effort.

The pawl 146 preferably extends laterally across the pulley groove, as shown in FIG. 7, so that it can be released from the rachet teeth 148 of the pulley 120 by the swimmer who merely raises the forward end of the rope 118 sufficiently to engage and lift the pawl free from the rachet teeth. Immediately when the pawl is released, the piston 102 can settle to the bottom of the tank 100 and the telescoping member 12 can retract in the outer member 10 to return the equipment to its initial or starting condition.

Having thus described the invention, I claim:

1. A swimming apparatus comprising support means having a pair of relatively slidable freely extensible and retractable telescoping members; means for attaching one of said telescoping members to a stationary mounting with at least the other of said members projecting over a swimming pool;

relatively rotatable members, one of said relative rotatable members being adapted for detachable attachment to the body of the swimmer and the other of said relatively rotatable members being in the form of a rigid ring and connected to the other of said telescoping members by horizontal pivot means, whereby a swimmer attached to said one rotatable member is free to roll and to tip about said pivot connections and to move longitudinally; and

shock absorber means associated with said telescoping members for yieldably resisting extension thereof and longitudinal movement of said swimmer and for absorbing the peak effort of the latter.

2. The combination as set forth in claim 1 wherein the attaching means for said telescoping members includes a C-clamp adapted to t over and to clampingly engage the edge of a swimming pool, and

supporting washers at opposite sides of said C-clamp adapted to rest upon the edge of the pool and to steady the swimming apparatus in use.

3. The combination as set forth in claim 2 wherein the attaching means for said telescoping members includes an element adjustable about a horizontal pivot carried by said C-clamp operable to vary the angle of inclination of said telescoping members in accordance with the depth of the water in said pool, and another element mounted for free turning movement about a vertical pivot and operable to permit said telescoping members to swing horizontally about said pivot under the efforts of said swimmer.

4. The combination as set forth in claim 1 including manually operable means attached to said other relatively rotatable member operable to turn the latter and the swimmer on said horizontal pivot means.

5. The combination as set forth in claim 1 wherein said other relatively rotatable member is ring shaped, and wherein said other telescoping member has a yoke portion at the forward end thereof which extends downwardly and forwardly to said horizontal pivot means by which it is attached to said other rotatable member at opposite sides of the latter.

6. The combination as set forth in claim 1 wherein said relatively rotatable members comprise inner and outer ring elements, and wherein said inner ring element is adapted to fit around said swimmer and is equipped with harnesses for detachably fastening the swimmer ring to the ring, said harness comprising pairs of ropes attached to the back and side respectively of said inner ring element,

said pairs of ropes extending forwardly and laterally generally diametrically across said inner ring member and through guides on the opposite sides of said ring element, and peg plugs on the free ends of said pairs of ropes selectively insertable in any of a plurality of apertures provided between said guides.

7. The combination as set forth in claim 6 including rings loosely fitting and interconnecting said ropes at the points of intersection thereof, and

at elastic protective strips carried by at least certain of said ropes between said ring members.

8. The combination as set forth in claim 1 wherein said effort meter comprises an upright, liquid-containing tank, a piston mounted for reciprocation in said tank, and means connecting said piston to the other of said telescoping members through said shock absorber means operative to move said piston in said tank as said other telescoping member is eX- tended by the effort of said swimmer,

said piston having an opening therein through which liquid in the tank is displaced at a controlled rate, whereby to resist and inhibit the the rate of extensive movement of said other telescoping member.

9. The combination as set forth in claim 8 wherein said piston comprises a main piston body having a relatively large opening therein, and a disc mounted on said body for rotative and limited axial movement relative thereto, said disc having a plurality of different size ports selectively positionable in register with said relatively large opening to regulate the rate of displacement of liquid through said piston. 10. The combination as set forth in claim 9 including manually operable means for adjusting said disc rotatably on said piston body to position said ports selectively in register with said relatively large opening, said piston being adapted to move upwardly in said tank at a controlled relatively slow rate by displacement of said liquid through said ports, and said disc being movable axially away from said main piston body upon movement of the latter downwardly in said tank whereby to permit relatively rapid displacement of liquid across piston through said relatively large opening and to permit said piston to settle freely of its own weight in in said tank. 11. The combination as set forth in claim 8 including an O-ring mounted in a peripheral groove provided in said piston,

said piston loosely fitting and said O-ring snugly fitting said tank, said peripheral groove being oversized relative to said O-ring both in depth and width, whereby said O-ring effectively seals the space between said piston and said tank during upward movement of said piston and thereby forces displacement of liquid through the opening in said piston. :12. The combination as set forth in claim 48 wherein said last mentioned means comprises a pulley having a V-groove,

a rope extending over said pulley in said Vgroove from said piston to said shock absorber means, and pawl and ratchet means coactive with said pulley permitting the latter to turn freely in a direction to raise said piston but normally preventing rotation of the pulley in a reverse direction. 13. The combination as set forth in claim 12 wherein said rope is accessible to a swimmer attached to said rotatable members, and wherein said pawl overlies the pulley groove and said rope and is releasable by manipulation of said rope by said swimmer to permit reverse rotation of said pulley. 14. A swimming apparatus comprising an annular rig member adapted to fit loosely around the waist of a swimmer; harness means carried by said member adjustable to fit snugly around the swimmers waist and operable to detachably fasten said ring member to said swimmer, carrier means coacting with said ring member and holding the latter for free and independent rotation; and mounting means for attaching said carrier means to the edge of a swimming pool or the like operable to hold said carrier means normally a predetermined distance from the point of attachment and to restrict the swimmer lgenerally to a predetermined area of the pool, said mounting means including attaching arm means normally extending generally horizontally over the of and to absorb the peak effort exerted by said pool, and swimmer.

a yoke 16. The combination as set forth in claim 1 including at the inner end of said arm means extending obeffort meter means liquely downward and away from the point of atcoactive with shock absorber means for permitting tachment 0f said mounting means embracing said 5 said telescoping members to be extended as a funccarrier means and pivotally connected thereto at 0ption of the total swimming effort by said swimmer posite sides thereof, rotation of said ring member in during a predetermined sustained period of time. said carrier means and pivotal movement of the latter in said yoke mutually cooperating to accommo- 10 References Cited date normal swimming, diving and standing positions UNITED STATES PATENTS and movements of said swimmer,

15. rhe combingation as set forth in claim 14 wherein RICHARD QUEISSER Pnmary Exammer said mounting means includes M. SMOLLAR, Assistant Examiner resilient means 20 associated with said yoke and operable to permit U.S. C1. X.R.

yielding movement thereof to cushion the movement 73-3 80; 272-71 

